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The techniques separate into Lagrangian with a sensor mounted at a fixed point and data describe time series of the flow vectors at that point, and Eulerian which track the path of a water particle. The measurement of tidal and freshwater flow in estuaries probably dates back almost as far as the measurement of the tidal water depth itself. Early charts, for example, included descriptions of flows based upon the nautical term of knots. 51 m s−1 . Mechanical devices embodying some form of rotating element which are used for water velocity measurement are called current meters and The Proceedings of the Royal Society of London record descriptions of such devices from Newton’s time.

1. 3 49 Setting out the estuary model In this section we set out the estuary model’s main screen. There are three stages in this part of the work: 1 Select K2 and enter a title such as “Humber Estuary Numerical Model” clicking the tick to enter the new text. Set the new text to 14 point, bold, dark blue, and centralized in the Format Cells dialog box. 2 Select and copy the map from the book’s web site and position it over G3:O21. 2. 4 Defining the estuary Although the model estuary is necessarily a fabrication or simulation, it is useful to base the work upon a real estuary.

12). Salt wedge estuaries are maintained by low tidal velocities and hence weak vertical mixing and evidence a freshwater upper layer originating from the river discharge. Examples of salt wedge estuaries include the Mississippi in America and the Rhone in France. The position of the salt wedge will vary with river flow. A typical example of a salt wedge estuary is the South West Pass of the Mississippi. When the flow is low the salt wedge extends more than 100 miles inland, but with high river discharge the salt wedge only reaches a mile or so above the mouth.