By Konrad Reif
ISBN-10: 365803971X
ISBN-13: 9783658039714
ISBN-10: 3658039728
ISBN-13: 9783658039721
Hybrid drives and the operation of hybrid automobiles are attribute of latest car know-how. including the digital driving force assistant platforms, hybrid know-how is of the best value and either can't be overlooked via today’s automobile drivers. This technical reference booklet offers the reader with a firsthand finished description of important parts of car expertise. All texts are complemented via quite a few targeted illustrations.
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Extra resources for Fundamentals of Automotive and Engine Technology: Standard Drives, Hybrid Drives, Brakes, Safety Systems
Sample text
A variablespeed governor is then fitted to control speed across the entire range. A program map is definable for the engine operating range. This map (Fig. 1, previous page) shows the fuel quantity in relation to engine speed and load, and the necessary adjustments for temperature and air-pressure variations. Altitude and turbocharger/supercharger pressure limits The injected fuel quantity is usually designed for sea level. If the engine is operated at high elevations (height above mean sea level), the fuel quantity must be adjusted in relation to the drop in air pressure in order to comply with smoke limits.
A multihole nozzle is used in the direct-injection process and its nozzle-jet position is optimized as a factor of combustion-chamber design. Direct fuel injection requires very high injection pressures (up to 2,200 bar). In practice, there are two types of direct fuel injection: ¼ Systems in which mixture formation is assisted by specifically created air-flow effects and ¼ Systems which control mixture formation virtually exclusively by means of fuel injection and largely dispense with any air-flow effects Basic principles of the diesel engine In the latter case, no effort is expended in creating air-turbulence effects and this is evident in smaller gas replacement losses and more effective cylinder charging.
In the calculation. Start of injection and fuel injection quantity are controlled by solenoid valves, a process that is much more precise than mechanical control. Size of injection An engine developing 75 kW (102 HP) and a specific fuel consumption of 200 g/kWh (full load) consumes 15 kg fuel per hour. On a 4-stroke 4-cylinder engine, the fuel is distributed by 288,000 injections at 2,400 revs per minute. This results in a fuel volume of approx. 60 mm3 per injection. By comparison, a raindrop has a volume of approximately 30 mm3.
Fundamentals of Automotive and Engine Technology: Standard Drives, Hybrid Drives, Brakes, Safety Systems by Konrad Reif
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