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44 HEAT EXCHANGER EQUIPMENT FIELD MANUAL For design First UExpected /U ¼ 125% Then Rf ¼ 1/U – 1/UExpected Exceptions Will this HEX foul? 17 illustrates fouling nomenclature Fouling Mechanisms Use trend analysis to help pinpoint the type of fouling Sources of fouling include Particulate or solids deposition Salt crystallization or insolubility Polymerization, coking, or reaction to solid Human additives Biological growth Corrosion Determination of fouling causes can be difficult and will spotlight the competency of problem-solving tenacity Be persistent and keep asking many questions!
15 Heat transfer path involving resistances in series. 16) Fouling factors Included in calculations to account for film buildup (R0 ¼ outside resistance, Ri ¼ inside resistance) Presented in the literature for various materials and conditions Because scale or dirt resistance increases with time in service, some time basis must be chosen for numerical values of fouling factors. 16 Heat transfer through fouled tubes. 001 Chapter 1 • Heat Transfer Theory 43 Often require trial-and-error calculations and are timeconsuming to do by hand Computers are normally used to make detailed calculations If calculations are done by hand, care should be taken to ensure that all units are consistent Reducing film resistances Most liquids and gases are poor conductors of heat Film of fluid next to the tube wall generally causes the controlling resistance to heat transfer Increasing the velocity of the fluid stream can reduce the thickness of the film Typical U values Can be used for rough or preliminary calculations Presented throughout the remainder of this section Fouling Considerations One must not confuse real fouling with a calculation result Fouling is material accumulation on heat transfer surfaces The fouling factor is A calculated result derived from plant data A fudge factor A number from a table Typically one cannot determine how much fouling is shellside fouling Evaluating performance Rf ¼ 1=Uobserved À 1=UExpected where 1=UExpected ¼ 1=UClean þ RfðexpectedÞ What is time trend?
20A). 21 Thermal conductivity of hydrocarbon liquids. 22 Physical properties of water. 23 Hydrocarbon gas viscosity. 24 Hydrocarbon liquid viscosity. 29. 4) bath fluid heat capacity, Btu/lb F bath fluid density, lb/ft3 bath fluid viscosity, CP mean temperature difference, F pipe outside diameter, in. 25 Heat transfer coefficient, Monsanto Therminol 44 (use À50 to 450 F; maximum film temperature). 26 Heat transfer coefficient, Monsanto Therminol 55 (use 0 to 600 F; maximum film temperature 635 F).
Heat Exchanger Equipment Field Manual by Maurice Stewart
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