By Hélène Carrère d'Encausse
En 1613, les Romanov ont été portés sur le trône de Russie à l’issue desiècles tragiques où le pouvoir a été transmis ou conquis par le meurtre. De 1613 à 1917, quinze souverains donttrois femmes ont incarné l. a. dynastie. Les Romanov ont gouverné un empire devenu le can pay le plus étendu du monde – ce qu’il est encore en 2013. Cette dynastie exceptionnellement brillante, certains empereurs - Pierre le Grand, Catherine II, Alexandre II - comptent parmi les plus hautes fi gures de l’histoire universelle, a permis à los angeles Russie de devenir une très grande puissance européenne puis mondiale. Pourtant, le sang n’a cessé de couler au pied du trône. De là, trois questions, l’histoire russe a-t-elle créé les stipulations de cette violence ininterrompue? Le destin tragique de cette dynastie était-il écrit dans son passé: invasions, cultures, religions diverses qui se mêlaient sur los angeles terre russe? Ce rapport inédit du pouvoir légitime et de l. a. violence conduisaient-ils inéluctablement à l. a. tragédie fi nale et au système totalitaire dont los angeles capacité de durer et l. a. violence furent non moins exceptionnelles ? Historienne de l. a. Russie, Hélène Carrère d’Encausse est membre de l’Académie française depuis 1991 où elle a été élue Secrétaire perpétuel en 1999. Elle a reçu le prix Aujourd’hui pour L’Empire éclaté (Flammarion) en 1978, le prix Louise-Weiss en 1987, et le prix Comenius en 1992 pour l’ensemble de son oeuvre. Sa biographie de Nicolas II (Fayard 1996) a obtenu le prix des Ambassadeurs en 1997.
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Ts center at O hrid, and the struggle w ith Byzantium continued. A lthough the Bulgarian forces w on some victories, the Byzantine emperor Basil II (963— 17 Introduction 1025), who was also known as the “Bulgar Killer,” was in the end triumphant. In 10 14 , after a major victory, he took fourteen thousand Bulgarian prisoners. He then had them blinded, leaving one man in every hundred with one eye so that he could lead the defeated army back to its homeland. Samuel died at the sight of this atrocity.
B u l garian lands were considerably expanded under K aloian (119 7-1207), at a time w hen the Byzantine E m pire was in a desperate position. In 1204 C o n stantinople was taken by the adventurers o f the Fourth Crusade, w h o divided those Byzantine possessions they conquered into small kingdom s fo r them selves. As in the preceding period, the Bulgarian rulers, despite their military vic tories, had difficulty in controlling their nobles. Kaloian was possibly assas sinated by one of his own commanders.
A lth ough the O ttom an victory o f the M aritsa was the m ost decisive en gagem ent for the future o f the peninsula, the battle o f K o so vo Polje (Field o f the Blackbirds) in June 1389 was to be best remem bered in legend and epic poetry. H ere the O ttom an forces met an arm y o f Serbs, Bosnians, and A lb a nians. This event was to have a particular significance for Serbia, since it was later com m em orated as the sym bolic end o f the independent Serbian m edie val state. Its prince, Lazar (1371-1389), and Sultan M urad both died at K o sovo.
Les Romanovs by Hélène Carrère d'Encausse
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