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The top level of the plan is the summary milestone schedule that identifies milestones in the contract. The master project schedule indicates milestones that mark events that represent major accomplishments of the project relevant to functional work. Examples include: (i) project kickoff; (ii) completion of requirements analysis; (iii) preliminary design review; (iv) critical design review; (v) integration and test complete; (vi) quality assurance review and delivery; (vii) customer acceptance test complete.

1 overheads. There are a number of cost estimation methods available. The rule of thumb/analogy approach requires expert judgment in similar previous projects (typically used as an initial estimate). 6. The bottom–up approach uses a detailed WBS at the work package level (ESA requirement). The parametric approach correlates cost with manpower and product and yields cost–estimation relationships (CERs) based on historical data (non-applicable to new technology). Cost estimation ratios have the form: Cð2005$MÞ ¼ aðmi ðkgÞÞ b where a ¼ similarity multiplier  regressive best fit and 0:3 < b < 1:0.

Such decision processes can be autocratic, consultative or group-based. The concept of synergy suggests that the whole is greater than the sum of the organization’s parts, emphasizing the need for cooperation between departments in the same organization. In the decision-making role, the manager is responsible and accountable for his subordinates’ performance in their duties, mediate between disputes, deal with difficulties, allocate resources, and negotiate contracts. They must make difficult decisions in compromising between different organizational goals.