By Macfie A.L.
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In 1905-6 a group of Turkish officers, stationed in Syria, including Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk), the later president of Turkey, set up a Fatherland Society (Vatan) later known as the Fatherland and Freedom Society; and about the same time Redjeb Pasha, the vali of Tripoli (a province that was a centre of disaffection: scores of dissidents had been exiled there) attempted, unsuccessfully as it turned out, to organise a coup d'état, involving the dispatch of an army from Tripoli to the Gallipoli Peninsula and the delivery of an ultimatum to Abdul Hamid, demanding the restoration of the constitution.
Braude and B. Lewis (eds), Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire Vol. 1 London: Holmes and Meier, 1982. 10. 'Ottoman Reform and the Politics of the Notables', in A. B. Tauris, 1993; K. Karpat, 'The Transformation of the Ottoman State, 1789-1908', International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 3 (1972). 11. S. Anderson, The Eastern Question London: Macmillan, 45 1960. L. Macfie, The Eastern Question Harlow: Longman, 1989. 12. B. Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961, p.
As a result, in 1878, Abdul Hamid, proclaimed sultan in the midst of the Eastern Crisis, taking advantage of the mood of national humiliation and despair that defeat in the war against Russia had evoked, was enabled not only to suspend the constitution and send the chamber of deputies packing, but also to reassert the traditional authority of the sultan, recently undermined by the Tanzimat reforms. 19 38 The policies adopted by Abdul Hamid in the remaining years of his reign were the natural outcome of his decision to reject constitutional reform and opt instead for the preservation of the traditional system of government, based on the absolute sovereignty of the sultan and the supremacy of the Muslim millet.
The End of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1923 by Macfie A.L.
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