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The subjugated tribes were ruled by Yagbu, the Kaghan’s local governors. These tribes paid tribute to the Kaghan on a regular basis. The tribute was collected by special officials – the Tarkhans. 2 A remarkable relic of Turkic culture, this writing system was based on the ancient Aramaic alphabet; it arose in the fifth century and was used in southern Siberia, Mongolia and Kazakhstan. With the disappearance of the Turkic Kaghanate it gradually passed out of use. The Yenisei Kirghiz used this written language longer than anyone else.

A 1111 2 3 4 5111 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5111 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44 45111 42 The first millennium and the first half of the second millennium CE mirrors, articles made of lacquered wood, horse harnesses (especially richly inlaid examples) and sold items made of antlers and metal, as well as the furs which they obtained from the peoples of northern Siberia in exchange for metal objects. Kirghiz society practised customs and traditions common among nomads of the day.

The ‘Slab-Grave’ culture (thirteenth to third centuries BCE) covered a very widespread territory in the steppes and wooded steppes, including land to the west of Lake Baikal, Transbaikalia to the east of it, Eastern, Central and Inner Mongolia. In this culture, a wall made of vertical stone slabs as high as one Siberia in the Scythian period 27 1111 2 3 4 5111 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5111 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44 45111 to two metres was built around the burial place (hence the name).