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Osman Okyar and Ünal Nalbantoğlu (Ankara, 1975), pp. 145–68. , 1998). 7 Sur aiya n. fa ro qh i Florescence of the arts In art and architecture as well, it is the period covered by this volume that stands out, for the 1400s and 1500s were the time when Mehmed the Conqueror, Bayezid II, Süleyman the Magniicent and Selim II (r. 1566–75) had great foundation complexes built, usually in Istanbul but sometimes also in cities like Damascus or Edirne. Moreover, vezirs also founded more modest but still impressive complexes, and by the second half of the sixteenth century there came the time when female members of the Ottoman dynasty were able to sponsor major charities as well.

Thus Celalzade Mustafa (ca. 6 Slightly later, the historian and litterateur Mustafa Ali (1541–1600) set the standard that many chroniclers working in the sultans’ realm were to follow down to the 1800s. 7 Ottoman oicials and literary men – who often played both roles simultaneously – from the late ifteenth century onwards also created a novel language. While the grammatical base remained Turkish, authors of the time imported Arabic and especially Persian words, and to some extent Persian grammatical constructions as well, to the point that in some works only the sentence endings indicate that we are not dealing with a Persian text.

75. 24 The Ottomans, 1451–1603 promptly appealed to Mehmed for help. Realising at this point the danger of the situation, the brothers patched up their relations, but only temporarily, for by the end of 1459 they were once again ighting each other. As the Peloponnese spiralled into anarchy, the Ottomans moved in and Mehmed conquered it in 1460. Farther to the west, Mehmed sought control of Albania, then under the rule of the wily and eicient Scanderbeg (George Kastriote). Conquest here would give him an outlet to the Adriatic and position him very close to Italy.