By National Research Council
ISBN-10: 0309268524
ISBN-13: 9780309268523
For a century, just about all light-duty cars (LDVs) were powered by means of inner combustion engines (ICEs) working on petroleum fuels. power protection matters over petroleum imports and the impact of greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions on international weather are riding curiosity in choices. This document assesses the opportunity of decreasing petroleum intake and GHG emissions via eighty% around the U.S. LDV fleet by way of 2050, relative to 2005. It examines the present power and expected destiny functionality and prices for every car style and non-petroleum-based gasoline know-how as ideas that can considerably give a contribution to those ambitions. via studying situations that mix a number of gasoline and car pathways, the file additionally identifies obstacles to implementation of those applied sciences and indicates rules to accomplish the specified savings. a number of situations are promising, yet robust, powerful, and sustained yet adaptive guidelines similar to examine and improvement (R&D), subsidies, strength taxes, or rules could be essential to conquer limitations corresponding to price and buyer selection.
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One approach that is rapidly penetrating the market is to combine direct injection with down-sized turbocharged engines. Turbocharging increases the amount of fuel that can be burned in the cylinders, increasing torque and power output and allowing engine downsizing. The degree of turbocharging is enhanced by GDI because of its cooling effect on the intake (air) charge and reduction of early fuel detonation. , dual-stage turbochargers) and combining turbocharging with some combination of variable valve timing, lean-burn, Atkinson cycle, and cooled and boosted EGR.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to help set the proposed 2025 light-duty vehicle CO2 standards. Ricardo conducted simulations on six different vehicles, three cars and three light trucks, which examined drivetrain efficiency (not load reduction) in the 2020-2025 timeframe. The simulations were based on both existing cutting-edge technologies and analyses of technologies at advanced stages of development. EPA post-analyzed Ricardo’s simulation runs and apportioned the losses and efficiencies to six categories—engine thermal efficiency, friction, pumping losses, transmission efficiency, torque converter losses, and accessory losses.
However, the footprint-based standards implemented in 2005 for light trucks and 2011 for cars eliminate any regulatory incentive to produce smaller vehicles, and there are few indications that substantial weight reduction through the use of lightweight materials and design optimization will have significant adverse net effects on safety (DOT, 2006). Advanced designs that emphasize dispersing crash forces and optimizing crush stroke and energy management can allow weight reduction while maintaining or even improving safety.
Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels by National Research Council
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