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C. circuit. c. circuits ! ¼ 0 and hence ZL ! 1. c. circuit. 16 Alternating current example. L ¼ 10 mH; C ¼ 10 mF; ð2:31AÞ Electrical components and circuits 37 Determine: (a) the equivalent impedance of the circuit; (b) the source current. 17), under normal conditions, are modeled as short circuits. However, if excess current flows through a fuse, it melts and consequently blows (becoming an open circuit). 17 Fused circuit. 1. 19, VS2 and RS model a temperature sensor, and the voltage R3 indicates the temperature.

The change in potential dV across a distance dx in an electric field is dV ¼ ÀE Â dx: ð2:2Þ A positive charge will move from a higher to a lower potential. The potential is also referred to as the potential difference, or (incorrectly) as just voltage: V ¼ V21 ¼ V2 À V1 ¼ Z V2 dV: V1 ð2:3Þ The SI unit of potential difference is the volt (V). ) circuit analysis deals with time-varying voltage and current signals whose time average values are zero. Circuits with time-average values of non-zero are also important and will be mentioned briefly in the section on filters.

In the node voltage method, we express KCL by va À v b vb À vc vb À vd ¼ þ R1 R2 R3 ð2:10Þ Applying this method systematically to a circuit with n nodes would lead to obtaining n linear equations. However, one of the node voltages is the reference voltage and is therefore already known, since it is usually assumed to be zero. Thus, we can write n À 1 independent linear equations in the n À 1 independent variables (which, in this case, are the node voltages). Nodal analysis provides the minimum number of equations needed to solve the circuit, since any branch voltage or current may be determined from a knowledge of nodal voltages.