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Most importantly, the element of manipulation is a central component of Machiavellianism, and relates directly to Ellis’s (1985) proposition. While the current work asserts that the sexual aggressor’s manipulative and controlling tendencies are more related to learning and cognition than the inborn drives offered by Ellis, it is perhaps significant that both perspectives recognized this aspect of behavior. Manipulation and control should thus be regarded as key components of any sexual aggression model.

This is, perhaps, a limited view of psychopathology and ignores the fact that delusions and hallucinations represent only part of the problems associated with mental disorders. Certainly, many of the Axis II disorders detailed in the DSM IV (1994) are demonstrative of maladaptive behaviors and cognitive processes, but not of delusional or hallucinatory perceptions (which are more typical of Axis I disorders). 44 Narcissism and Entitlement However, Christie and Geis’s argument does mesh with the previously mentioned feminist authors’ assertions (Brownmiller, 1975; Koss, 1997; Koss, 1982; Messerschmidt, 1993; Scully, 1990).

This finding might demonstrate the viability of the role of Machiavellianism in sexual aggression, one that is not theoretically linked to other previously explored belief structures such as dominance, hostility toward women, and others. The second Machiavellian dynamic that may be recognized from the Boeringer (1996) study is that of the reported findings based on the “no-penalty” condition attached to the scenarios. In that study, male athletes were more likely to report that they would employ force to gain sex if they were assured of getting away with it.