By H. Rabia
ISBN-10: 0954108701
ISBN-13: 9780954108700
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Example text
1a, there are three normal stresses: vertical stress (σV) and two horizontal stresses (σH and σh). This notation is widely used in Rock Mechanics as it is usual to have shear stresses associated with planes containing normal stresses. In most oilwell applications, the rock under consideration is subjected to in-situ stresses with have no shear stresses. 1 In-Situ Earth Stresses (a) σH (b) σV σ2 σ1 σ3 σh σ3 σh σV σH σ1 σ2 In most cases the maximum principal stress will be vertical due to the pressure of the overlying rock.
The increase in geothermal gradient may well be indicated by an increase in mud temperature at the flowline. In addition, the pressure seal above the abnormally pressured zone may show a decrease in TOP OF OVERPRESSURED ZONE geothermal gradient due to the increased compaction and hence lower porosity of this zone. Again this may be reflected by a FLOWLINE TEMPERATURE reduced mud temperature at the flowline. 9. In practice, the flowline temperature in not a definitive indicator of abnormal pressure as it is influenced by several factors including: circulation rate, ROP, length of static time in well, mud conditions, additions of new mud to the mud system and cooling effect of the sea around marine risers Due to the difficulty in interpreting temperatures, the flowline temperature is regarded as a qualitative indicator which is used to support and validate other pressure data.
List applications of mud logging 6. Calculate pore pressure using D Exponent 7. Calculate pore pressure using sonic method 8. List sources of gas in a well 46 Well Engineering & Construction PRESSURE REFERENCES TOC Previous Next . . . . . ..... PORE PRESSURE 9. Determine the difference between pore pressure values as determined from direct methods (DST, RFT) and indirect methods (sonic, resistivity and mud logging) 10. 13. The pore pressure line in this figure would probably contain mixed data from mud logs, DST, PWD (pressure while drilling) and production tests.
Well Engineering and Construction by H. Rabia
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